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The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason: 1798 to Modern Times
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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 15 hours and 11 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
Version: Unabridged
Publisher: Dreamscape Media, LLC
Audible.com Release Date: June 1, 2017
Whispersync for Voice: Ready
Language: English, English
ASIN: B072PYQTDC
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This is a superbly researched book on a topic of vital importance. Although de Bellaigue is a journalist, he clearly has the scholarly expertise and rigor of a devoted academician, and his writing is rich, fluid and at times beautiful. He has spend time covering the Middle East and has a fondness for Islamic culture. He explicitly and forcefully rejects the views of those pundits of the west who claim that adherence to core Islamic beliefs is holding Muslims back from the sweep of modernity. He even claims there has been an Islamic "Enlightenment" after Napoleon conquered Cairo in 1798, an Enlightenment that flowered in Cairo, Tehran and Istambul.But it is here that de Bellaigue is unpersuasive. True, there have been pockets of free thinkers, women who removed the headdress, cultural critics who started western-style newspapers, businessmen (yes, almost all men) and politicians eager to embrace western ideals, mores and so forth in these three cities, again and again these progressive efforts are thwarted and crushed. de Bellaigue gives little compelling evidence of a kind of successful Islamic revolutionary and persistent "Enlightenment" of the sort that flowered in 18th-century France and which slowly but inexorably spread across the west, including of course to the "New World."So by all means read this book. But if you're hoping or expecting to be persuaded that the western pundits and scholars (and some brave Muslim scholars and thinkers) are mistaken that Islamic thought is holding back progress... well... your hopes will be unfulfilled. Read this book along with Bernard Lewis' powerful "What went wrong?: The clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East," which though shorter is more clear headed and hence persuasive.
A previous reviewer wrote that this book was not easy to read. I second that in spades. I greatly admire the authors extensive research and knowledge, and his command of the subject. On the other side an expert editor could have made the book much better. On about half of the pages were words I needed to look up. I would never have finished reading if I looked up them all. The prose was excessively elegant in places and put in an almost abstract way. In other parts the paragraphs were beautiful.The books characters had multiple names which made the story hard to follow (no fault of the author). Many of the political and religeous leaders were determined to resist modernity for reasons on faith and pride and they were scornful of "the West". Modernity has made inroads into the Middle East, making those opposed to modernity more resentful and radical. For atheists and those of us that see God as a benevolent being, the suffering and waste of life and property resulting from the conflict is horrible and so sad. I hope those opposing modernity will read this book and find a better way forward..Tom in Los Angeles
The title refers, not to the Golden Age of Islam in Middle Ages, when Europe learnt from Islam, but to the period from the early 19th century onwards, when Islam learnt from Europe. The theologians had clamped down on the Golden Age, and from then until the beginning of the 19th century Islam indeed fell far behind the West; but then Islamic societies began to modernize. In a 25-page introduction the author writes that in this later period the West has consistently stressed the backwardness of Islamic countries and has underestimated or ignored the rapid modernization of technology, institutions and culture after the response to Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798. De Bellaigue concentrates on this aspect, but he does not ignore the backlash against it among the conservative forces in Islam or indeed the limited effectiveness of modernization throughout the period – almost to the point of contradicting his contention that the achievements of those countries have generally been underestimated. But it is true that, on the whole, the conservatives were able only to slow down, but not altogether to stop the pace of modernization until the 1980s – when this book ends.Modernization and enlightenment are not necessarily the same thing, and I have an issue with the book’s title: it seems to imply that the word “enlightenment†refers not just to the cultural developments (mostly among the educated middle class and having little or no impact on the poor), but also to the military, economic, and technological ones. You can see these latter aspects being developed by governments, like those of the Pahlevi Shahs, which are otherwise thoroughly repressive and unenlightened.In all three countries modernization began in the military area because the rulers were being defeated by foreign countries. Economic, technological, medical and educational improvements followed. There was then pressures for political and religious reform also, and these enjoyed occasional and brief periods of success before being put down by the governments, with the backing of the army and of the conservative clergy.But this is a most instructive and well-written book. The story is very well told, and also has many vivid and richly anecdotal descriptions. Readers who are already interested in the subject will know something of the key figures in the story, but we are also introduced to a host of characters – including feminists, novelists and journalists - who will be new to most readers. De Bellaigue devotes many pages to some of these, and we have to assume that they are important and representative.The book concentrates on the main centres of modernization: Egypt, Turkey and Iran. (De Bellaigue does not deal with the Muslim Enlightenment in India.) The first three chapters are each devoted to one of those centres; they end respectively in 1879, 1878 and 1852. After that, De Bellaigue argues, their respective experiences were so broadly similar they should no longer be treated separately in the remaining three chapters. That, however, makes those chapters harder to read, and I think it would have been better to continue to treat the three countries separately until the end of De Bellaigue’s chosen period in the 1980s. Although there are references to events right up to the present, De Bellaigue argues that since the 1980s transnational forces like Al-Qaeda and ISIS have taken centre stage, and that is why it no longer made sense to him to follow the story of his chosen national centres. These extremists have become a formidable threat to everything that might be called Islamic Enlightenment. They have come to such prominence that the millions of Muslims who continue to believe in progress and peaceful coexistence tend to be forgotten.
For those who thought the Middle East was firmly stuck in the Middle Ages until their world came crashing down at the end of the Great War, this book will be a revelation. To those who knew about the Nahda, the Tanzimat and many of the other efforts at reform, it is still enlightening to know many of the people (beyond sultans and dictators) who spurred these social, political and economic efforts despite strong (and at times successful) opposition. The key word in the title is "struggle," and de Bellaigue makes that struggle clear. Very worthwhile.
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